{"id":6796,"date":"2021-07-25T22:09:38","date_gmt":"2021-07-26T02:09:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mapfelwapfel.com\/haiti-101-where-to-start\/"},"modified":"2021-08-03T23:46:21","modified_gmt":"2021-08-04T03:46:21","slug":"haiti-101-where-to-start","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mapfelwapfel.com\/en\/haiti-101-where-to-start\/","title":{"rendered":"HAITI 101 &#8230; Where to start!"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ha%C3%AFti\">Haiti 101<\/a><\/h2>\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote has-text-align-center is-style-large is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u201cWe hate others because we hate ourselves.\u201d &#8230;<\/p><p>&#8220;Nou rayi l\u00f2t moun paske nou rayi t\u00e8t nou.&#8221; &#8230;<\/p><cite><strong>Dlo lacho blanch, men li pa l\u00e8t pou sa.<br\/>Do not be fooled by appearances.<\/strong><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mapfelwapfel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/square_v1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7171\" width=\"225\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mapfelwapfel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/square_v1.png 450w, https:\/\/mapfelwapfel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/square_v1-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/mapfelwapfel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/square_v1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/mapfelwapfel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/square_v1-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><figcaption><strong>T\u00c8T NOU ANSANM WEATHER<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<h3 class=\"has-text-align-center has-white-background-color has-background wp-block-heading\">Amerindian settlement, arrival of the Spaniards and establishment of the slave trade PARTI 1<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">The peoples of Arawak, Kalinago and Taino culture occupied the island before the arrival of the Spaniards. Moreover, the presence of the Ta\u00efnos is attested by the archaeological excavations undertaken in the Grotte Marie Jeanne, in the town of Port-\u00e0-Piment, located in the south of the country. Then, landing on December 5, 1492, Christopher Columbus named it Hispaniola island, while the natives named it in three ways: Ayiti, Quisqueya and Bohio. It is estimated that around 100,000 indigenous people inhabited the island of Hispaniola at the end of the<abbr title=\"15th century\">xv<sup> e<\/sup><\/abbr> century.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">The Spaniards exploit the island for its gold. The Amerindians refusing to work in the mines are enslaved or massacred; the few who manage to escape find refuge in the mountains and are marginalized and severely impoverished. The infectious diseases that arrived with the Europeans are wreaking havoc. Ill-treatment, undernutrition and the drop in the birth rate did the rest: the indigenous population was exterminated in a few decades.<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Slaves_from_Guinea_digging_for_gold_and_silver_in_mines_in_Hispaniola_-_America_(1595),_A2_-_BL.jpg?uselang=fr\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fichier:Slaves_from_Guinea_digging_for_gold_and_silver_in_mines_in_Hispaniola_-_America_(1595),_A2_-_BL.jpg\"><\/a>Slaves from the Gulf of Guinea working in a gold and silver mine. Hispaniola, 1595.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">The Spaniards then brought deported black slaves from Africa. In 1517, Charles V authorized the slave trade, which he prohibited from the following decade, but without success, nor did Pope Paul subsequently<abbr title=\"3\"> III<\/abbr> .<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:AMH-6758-NA_Map_of_the_island_of_Hispaniola_(Ha%C3%AFti_and_Dominican_Republic).jpg?uselang=fr\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fichier:AMH-6758-NA_Map_of_the_island_of_Hispaniola_(Ha%C3%AFti_and_Dominican_Republic).jpg\"><\/a>Hispaniola Island circa 1665, Johannes Vingboons.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">The western part of Hispaniola, devoid of ore, was quickly neglected by the Spanish settlers, who left it empty. French buccaneers settled there, despite several Spanish military expeditions. In xvii<sup> e<\/sup> century, under the authority of Cardinal Richelieu, the French installation becomes institutionalized. Turtle Island, northwest of Hispaniola, becomes the seat of the buccaneer. These adventurers gradually gained the \u201cGrande Terre\u201d: in 1654, they created the first city of the future Santo Domingo: Petit-Go\u00e2ve. The first governor of the colony is Bertrand d&#8217;Ogeron, appointed in 1665. Knowing how to be accepted by filibusters, he organized colonization by the arrival of French people who undertake to work three years before becoming landowners (they were called the \u201c36 months\u201d) and that of \u201cdaughters to be married\u201d. It promotes the plantation of tobacco. Thus, he settled a population of buccaneers and buccaneers little inclined to accept royal authority until the 1660s. Bertrand d&#8217;Ogeron also attracts settlers from Martinique and Guadeloupe.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">But in 1670-1690 intervenes the tobacco crisis and a large number of places are abandoned. The ranks of the buccaneer grew, the looting, like those of Vera Cruz in 1683 or Campeche in 1686, multiplied and Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Minister of the Navy, brought back order by taking a large number of measures. He transferred the government to Port-de-Paix in 1676. He encouraged the creation of indigo and sugar cane plantations. The first sugar mill was created in 1685. Finally, he regulates slavery by preparing the<em> Code black<\/em> (which will be promulgated in 1685, after his death). Before the adoption of this code slavery was theoretically prohibited but widely practiced in reality. All of these actions allowed the economic development of the colony.<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Isle_de_St._Domingue._LOC_74691674.jpg?uselang=fr\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fichier:Isle_de_St._Domingue._LOC_74691674.jpg\"><\/a>Isle of Saint Domingue divided into two parts: the French to the west and the Spanish to the east. Le Rouge, Georges-Louis; Crepy (Firm), 1767. United States Library of Congress.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Following the Treaty of Ryswick of 1697 and the accession to the throne of Spain of a grandson of Louis<abbr title=\"14\"> XIV<\/abbr> , the Spaniards give up contesting the sovereignty of France over the western third of the island. France formalizes the name of Santo Domingo for this part of the island. It was then that many settlers came from France who developed the plantations or worked in them. From 1713 to 1787, 30,000 French people came to swell the number of settlers present in the western part of the island.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Wars break out in Europe and extend over the seas to the Antilles and the Caribbean. In 1756, trade was paralyzed. A large number of settlers and their families left Santo Domingo for Louisiana, where they settled in Post offices established by France and administered by the military.<\/p>\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap has-normal-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Around 1790, however, Santo Domingo was the richest French colony in America thanks to the immense profits generated by the labor of slaves in the sugar industry and that of indigo. Tens of thousands of Africans were deported each year as slaves to operate these industries (in the 1780s, they were deported to the colony at the rate of 36,000 per year to replace their predecessors who died in the job); their fate is legally framed by the <em>Code black<\/em> , but, in fact, they undergo treatment often worse than those prescribed by the said code. Their number (400,000) is ten times higher than that of the Whites, with a hundred thousand Africans deported to Santo Domingo during the 10 years preceding the French Revolution.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Haiti 101 \u201cWe hate others because we hate ourselves.\u201d &#8230; &#8220;Nou rayi l\u00f2t moun paske nou rayi t\u00e8t nou.&#8221; &#8230; Dlo lacho blanch, men li pa l\u00e8t pou sa.Do not be fooled by appearances. Amerindian settlement, arrival of the Spaniards and establishment of the slave trade PARTI 1 The peoples of Arawak, Kalinago and Taino culture occupied the island before [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":7177,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1023],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6796","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-in-the-spotlight"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>HAITI 101 ... 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